Trends in Serum Total Cholesterol During 1998 to 2015 Among the Population-based Cohorts of China / 中国循环杂志

Objectives: To explore the trends of serum total cholesterol (TC) among Chinese adult cohorts from 1998 to 2015. Methods: The subjects of this study came from China Multicenter Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia. The baseline investigations were completed during 1998-2001, and the two follow-ups were conducted during 2007-2008 and 2013-2015, respectively. A total of 9 477 participants aged 35-74 years with complete serum TC data from three surveys were included in this study. Analysis on variance of data regarding repeated measurements were used to investigate the variation of serum TC in different subgroups. The serum TC levels were represented by mean (standard errors). Results: During 1998-2015, the mean level of serum TC of all participants significantly elevated from 4.81(0.01) mmol/L to 4.91(0.01) mmol/L, and to 4.98(0.01) mmol/L, growth rates of which were 2.08% and 3.53% in the first and second follow-up, respectively (Ptrend<0.001), especially for females. The fastest growth was noted in the group of young women aged 35-45 years over time, with a growth rate of 11.43%. No such a significant change in the male group during follow-up. The serum TC level and its growth rate in urban residents was significantly higher than those in rural residents. Conclusions: Longitudinal data demonstrated that the mean serum TC level among Chinese adults was continuously increased during 1998~2015. Prevention strategy for hypercholesterolemia should focus more on young women and urban residents.

Relationship between female menopause and hypertension/isolated systolic hypertension in rural districts of Hanzhong in Shaanxi province / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the associations between menopause and hypertension/isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) among rural females in Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this cross-sectional study, 3030 residents were selected by stratified random sampling and investigated by questionnaire survey and physical examinations. Data of the females were analyzed to explore the impact of menopause on blood pressure by quantile regression and to investigate the associations between menopause and hypertension, ISH, and isolated distolic hypertension (IDH) by logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of premenopausal and postmenopausal women was 965 and 998. The average age was (41.0 ± 8.07) years in the premenopausal group and (58.0±7.12) years in the postmenopausal group (P<0.001). The prevalence of hypertension among the premenopausal group and postmenopausal group was 21.9% and 49.3%, respectively. Quantiles regression analysis showed that the impact of menopause on systolic blood pressure increased as the percentile increased. The diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of the premenopausal group was significantly lower than that in the postmenopausal at q ≥ 0.40(DBP = 84 mmHg,1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) percentile points (P<0.05), while the difference was not significant at q≤ 0.30 (DBP=80 mmHg) percentile points(P>0.05). After the potential confounders including age, education level, marriage, occupational, hyperlipidemia, family history, exercise, sleep, watching TV, smoking, passive smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, wealth index, waist circumference were controlled, positive associations were observed between menopause and hypertension/ISH in logistic regression models.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Menopause is positively related with hypertension/ISH. More effective interventions should be taken to prevent hypertension and ISH among rural women.</p>

Survey on the prevalences of overweight and obesity in 9 rural areas in Hanzhong, Shaanxi province / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalences of overweight and obesity in the rural communities in Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 3030 residents in the rural areas of Hanzhong city were selected by stratified random sampling method to take questionnaire-based survey and physical examinations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The data of 3017 valid subjects (1048 men and 1969 women) entered the final analysis. The average body mass index was (22.9±4.2) kg/m(2) [(23.0±5.5) kg/m(2) in men and (22.9±3.2) kg/m(2) in women]. The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 27.9% and 5.9% respectively, and the standardized rates were 23.4% and 5.4%, respectively. More specifically, prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 28.3% and 6.1% in men (standardized rates were 24.7% and 7.5%, respectively) and 27.6% and 5.8% (standardized rate were 22.8% and 4.5% respectively) in women. The overweight/obesity was more often in young and mid-aged married men with higher education and socioeconomic status and in middle-aged and older women with less education from wealthier households.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalences of overweight and obesity are relatively high in the rural areas of Hanzhong, and therefore effective interventions are warranted.</p>

Dietary patterns and its relationship with hypertension among rural residents in Hanzhong,Shaanxi province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and hypertension in Hanzhong city of Shaanxi province.Methods A cross-sectional survey on dietarypattern and hypertension together with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was conducted among rural residents aged from 18 to 80 in Hanzhong of Shaanxi province in 2010.Factor analysis by SPSS was used to identify food patterns based on the frequency of food.Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between dietary patterns and hypertension.Results 2929 rural residents were investigated with an average age as 50.0 years old and average schooling-years as 6.8.The prevalence rate of hypertension was 34.3％,with 35.4％ in males and 33.7％ in females.Among 29 kinds of food under investigation,only 11 kinds with the frequencies of consumption more than 1 time per week.Four main factors were derived as four dietary patterns by factor analysis and they were diversity dietary pattern,alcohol dietary pattern,beverage dietary pattern and simple dietary pattern.Among them,the balanced dietary pattern was significantly associated with hypertension.All the participants were categorized into 4 groups (Q1-Q4) according to their factor scores,quartile with Q1 as a reference.The residents who were more closer to having balance dietary pattern,were under less risk of suffering from hypertension after controlling for age,sex,BMI,education and income.Compared to Q1,the Q4 had lower risk of hypertension (OR=0.59,95％CI:0.44-0.77) for the balanced pattern.Conclusion Dietary pattern could be related to the prevalence of hypertension.A rational diet with diversity of foods should be suggested as one of the major measures for the prevention of hypertension.

Relationships between smoking behavior and obesity in men from 9 rural districts of Hanzhong in Shaanxi province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objectivc To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and body mass index(BMI) as well as waist circumfcrcnce (WC) of men from 9 rural districts ofHanzhong,Shaanxi province.Methods Cross-sectional data was analyzed from Hanzhong Health Survey on rural residents in 2010.Quantile regression mode was used to compare the results using the BMI (WC) and smoking slatus (degree) as the dependent variables and independent variable and confounding factors were also controlled.Results 1039 rmale residents of rural areas of Hanzhong city were investigated.The prevalence rates on overweight and obesity among the males were 28.0％ and 5.9％,with central obesity as 35.0％ and the rate of currcnt cigarette smoking was 63.6％ in the areas.Results from the quantile regression showed that the relationship between smoking status and BMI beyond 80 percentile in men (BMI=24.4) which was not significantly different BMI among the heavy smokers,was much higher than those mild smokers beyond 90 percentile (BMI=24.9).WC of the current smokers was significantly higher than those ex-smokers beyond the 95 percentile (WC=96.7 cm).WCs of the moderate and heavy smokers had an increase along with the increase of WCs beyond the 85 percentiles (WC=89.9 cm).Conclusion The effect of smoking status and BMI (WC) were inconsistent,however,with BMI and WC increased among the subjects whose BMI or WC were at the high extreme end of the distribution.Thus,we should advise the obese subjects to quit smoking.